Word form normalization through lemmatization or stemming is a standard procedure in information retrieval because morphological variation needs to be accounted for and several la...
Graph Languages1 emerged during the seventies from the necessity to process data structures with complex interrelations. Nowadays, various variants of these languages can be found...
A Natural Language Interface for Databases allows users of multimedia kiosks to formulate natural language questions. User questions are first translated into a logic language and ...
Although many variants of language models have been proposed for information retrieval, there are two related retrieval heuristics remaining “external” to the language modelin...
Spoken language is one of the most intuitive forms of interaction between humans and agents. Unfortunately, agents that interact with people using natural language often experienc...