In this paper we prove that the avalanche problem for the Kadanoff sandpile model (KSPM) is P-complete for two-dimensions. Our proof is based on a reduction from the monotone circ...
HIPs, or Human Interactive Proofs, are challenges meant to be easily solved by humans, while remaining too hard to be economically solved by computers. HIPs are increasingly used ...
Kumar Chellapilla, Kevin Larson, Patrice Y. Simard...
Robert Rosen’s central theorem states that organisms are fundamentally different to machines, mainly because they are ‘‘closed with respect to effcient causation.’’ The p...
We develop a version of the picalculus Picost where channels are interpreted as resources which have costs associated with them. Code runs under the financial responsibility of own...