We propose a method that detects the true direction of time series, by fitting an autoregressive moving average model to the data. Whenever the noise is independent of the previou...
We consider the problem of unsupervised learning from a matrix of data vectors where in each row the observed values are randomly permuted in an unknown fashion. Such problems ari...
End-user programming tools for creating spreadsheets and webforms offer no data types except "string" for storing many kinds of data, such as person names and street add...
Languages such as Java and C#, as well as scripting languages like Python, and Ruby, make extensive use of Collection classes. A collection implementation represents a fixed choic...
PHP is a popular language for server-side applications. In PHP, assignment to variables copies the assigned values, according to its so-called copy-on-assignment semantics. In con...