The paper argues that language change can be explained through the stochasticity observed in real-world natural language use. This thesis is demonstrated by modeling language use ...
A new class of formal languages will be defined the Distributed Index Languages (DI-languages). The grammar-formalism generating the new class - the DI-grammars - cover unbound de...
Existing macro systems force programmers to make a choice between clarity of specification and robustness. If they choose clarity, they must forgo validating significant parts of ...
The sequence selected from a sequence R(0)R(1) . . . by a language L is the subsequence of R that contains exactly the bits R(n + 1) such that the prefix R(0) . . . R(n) is in L. B...
We present a new approach to the old problem of adding side effects to purely functional languages. Our idea is to extend the language with "witnesses," which is based o...